Gender identity considers the psychology of an individual rather than their biological sex assigned at birth. When that mental concept aligns with one's physiology, that person is described as cisgender. When there's a mismatch, gender dysphoria may be experienced and that person, today, would be considered transgender. Some cultures accepted transgressing gender lines, letting people live their lives and serve their communities, whether as a 'third option' (like two-spirited people) or as the other side of a binary.
Gender also works as a social construct, determining what the social norms are for how people dress and behave. Traditionally in Western society, this existed as a binary: i.e. do you wear pink and play with dolls, or do you wear blue and play with trucks? However, even with that binary, what has been considered appropriate has changed with history. A masculine man in the 18th century would dress up in heels, hosiery, colorful clothing, and a wig, none of which would be considered masculine a century later. The feminist movement has deliberately strived to expand what is considered feminine, as well, from voting to working outside the home.
Cisgender people are not necessarily immune to dysphoria, either. Cis women seeking breast augmentations and cis men seeking testosterone supplements or taking Viagra-type drugs are arguably seeking gender-affirming care, not unlike a transgender person doing the same.
Gender identities should not be confused with sexual orientation (e.g. asexual, bisexual, gay, lesbian, pansexual, queer).
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This map was developed by PBS's Independent Lens.
This page was originally developed by Paola Diaz.
Other contributors: Elaine Patton
First published: May 2024
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