Title this page Abstract (centered, bold), then start writing your summary without tabbing over the first line of your paragraph.
An abstract is simply a summary of the paper it precedes. It should be about 150-250 words and cover all parts of your paper (not just what you investigated but also what you ultimately concluded).
We suggest setting up a placeholder and coming back to do this last, as it's easier to summarize what your paper is about after you've actually written it.
Now, you'll start writing whatever it is you're supposed to address, which will depend on your professor's specifications for the assignment.
Always include in-text citations whenever you're doing a research paper, as close to the referenced information as you can get it (typically at the end of the same sentence). Refer to the page in this guide about In-Text Citations for more information and examples.
You probably won't use these frequently, if at all, but if you do, APA has a stylistic hierarchy. "Levels" nest inside each other: subsections under a level 1 heading would be formatted as level 2.
Level | Format |
---|---|
1 |
Centered, Bold, Headline Capitalization Begin writing the text as a new paragraph. |
2 |
Flush Left, Bold, Headline Capitalization Begin writing the text as a new paragraph. |
3 |
Flush Left, Bold Italic, Headline Capitalization Begin writing the text as a new paragraph. |
4 |
Indented, Bold, Headline Capitalization, Ending With a Period. Begin writing the text on the same line and continue as a regular paragraph. |
5 |
Indented, Bold Italic, Headline Capitalization, Ending With a Period. Begin writing the text on the same line and continue as a regular paragraph. |
References should be listed in alphabetical order by whatever the first name or word is. A work without an author will be alphabetized by the first word of the article title.
All references will be double-spaced, just like everything else. They will also use a hanging indent -- not a list, not the normal paragraph indent.
The other pages of this guide will help you create the References themselves. If you need additional help, please get in touch with a librarian!
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