Omit the URL for art you've viewed in person.
Information about paintings, photos, sculptures and other artworks is usually presented in text. If a more formal citation is needed, follow these examples.
1. Author First Name/Initial Surname, Image Title, Year, medium, dimensions, physical location, accession number, URL.
2. Author Surname, Image Title.
Author Surname, First Name or Initial. Image Title. Year. Medium, dimensions. Location, accession number. URL.
CMOS 14.133
1. Jan Griffier, Dutch Snow Scene with Skaters, c.1695, oil on canvas, 83 x 94 cm, Merchant Adventurers' Hall, York, England, YORMA 344, https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/dutch-snow-scene-with-skaters-10363.
2. Griffier, Dutch Snow Scene.
Griffier, Jan. Dutch Snow Scene with Skaters. c.1695. Oil on canvas, 83 x 94 cm. Merchant Adventurers' Hall, York, England. YORMA 344. https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/dutch-snow-scene-with-skaters-10363.
1. Pablo Picasso, Bull's Head, spring 1942, bicycle saddle and handlebars, 33.5 x 43.5 x 19 cm, Musée Picasso Paris.
2. Picasso, Bull's Head.
Picasso, Pablo. Bull's Head. Spring 1942. Bicycle saddle and handlebars, 33.5 x 43.5 x 19 cm. Musée Picasso Paris.
1. Dorothea Lange, Black Maria, Oakland, 1957, printed 1965, gelatin silver print, 39.3 x 37 cm, Art Institute, Chicago, ref. no. 2013.1220, http://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/artwork/220174.
2. Lange, Black Maria, Oakland.
Lange, Dorothea. Black Maria, Oakland. 1957, printed 1965. Gelatin silver print, 39.3 x 37 cm. Art Institute, Chicago. Ref. no. 2013.1220. http://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/artwork/220174.
1. Steve McCurry, Afghan Girl, December 1984, photograph, National Geographic, cover, June 1985.
2. McCurry, Afghan Girl.
McCurry, Steve. Afghan Girl. December 1984. Photograph. National Geographic, cover, June 1985.
1. Lone Star College-University Park Library, Infographic of Parts of an APA Student Manuscript, n.d., color image, APA Style (7th ed.), https://upresearch.lonestar.edu/APA/student-components.
2. Lone Star College, Infographic.
Lone Star College-University Park Library. Infographic of Parts of an APA Student Manuscript. N.d., color image. APA Style (7th ed.). https://upresearch.lonestar.edu/APA/student-components.
1. Author First Name/Initial Surname, "Photograph Title," Year Photo was Taken (if provided), in Book Title (Publisher, Year), page or plate #.
2. Author Surname, "Photograph Title."
Author Surname, First Name or Initial. "Photograph Title." Year Photo was Taken (if provided). In Book Title. Publisher, Year, page or plate #.
"Figure" can be abbreviated to fig. but table, map, plate, and other labels should be spelled out. Page number (if available) should precede the illustration number.
CMOS 14.57, 133
1. Franz Jansen, "8 O'Clock," 1920, in German Expressionist Woodcuts, ed. Shane Weller (Dover Publications, 1994), plate 12.
2. Jansen, "8 O'Clock."
Jansen, Franz. "8 O'Clock." 1920. In German Expressionist Woodcuts, edited by Shane Weller. Dover Publications, 1994, plate 12.
1. Wayne L. Winston, Analytics Stories: Using Data to Make Good Things Happen (Wiley, 2021), 372, fig. 50.3.
2. Winston, Analytics Stories, 155, table 20.1.
Winston, Wayne L. Analytics Stories: Using Data to Make Good Things Happen. Wiley, 2021.
The order of elements (and what you include) will depend on the format you watched as well as whether you're focusing on a particular piece or aspect of the overall work.
1. "Scene Title or Number," Title of Motion Picture, directed by Director First Name Surname (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), Format.
2. "Scene Title or Number."
"Scene Title or Number." Title of Motion Picture. Directed by Director First Name Surname. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. Format.
CMOS 14.165
1. Host, directed by Rob Savage (Shudder, 2020), https://www.kanopy.com/en/lonestar/video/14076746.
2. Host.
3. Host at 47 min.
Savage, Rob, dir. Host. Shudder, 2020. https://www.kanopy.com/en/lonestar/video/14076746.
1. Gravity, directed by Alfonso Cuarón (2013; Warner Bros. Pictures, 2014), Blue-ray Disc, 1080p HD.
2. Gravity.
Cuarón, Alfonso, dir. Gravity. 2013; Warner Bros. Pictures, 2014. Blu-ray Disc, 1080p HD.
1. "Crop Duster Attack," North by Northwest, directed by Alfred Hitchcock (1959; Warner Home Video, 2000), DVD.
2. "Crop Duster Attack."
"Crop Duster Attack." North by Northwest. Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. 1959. Warner Home Video, 2000. DVD.
The order of elements (and what you include) will depend on the format you watched as well as whether you're focusing on a particular piece or aspect of the overall work.
Source type refers to the original format (e.g. 35 mm), and format is the version you viewed (e.g. DVD, YouTube video). Cite the video according to its original release information first, then add in details about the digital version.
1. Author First Name/Initial Surname, Multimedia Title (Publisher, Year), source type, format, URL.
2. Author Surname, Multimedia Title.
Author Surname, First Name or Initial. Multimedia Title. Publisher, Year. Format, URL.
CMOS 14.167
1. A. E. Weed, At the Foot of the Flatiron (American Mutoscope and Biograph Co., 1903), 35 mm film; from Library of Congress, The Life of a City: Early Films of New York, 1898-1906, MPEG video, 2:19, https://www.loc.gov/item/00694378/.
2. Weed, At the Foot of the Flatiron.
Weed, A. E. At the Foot of the Flatiron. American Mutoscope and Biograph Co., 1903; 35 mm film. From Library of Congress, The Life of a City: Early Films of New York, 1898-1906. MPEG video, 2:19. https://www.loc.gov/item/00694378/.
1. W. K. L. Dickson, Edison Kinetoscopic Record of a Sneeze (Edison Manufacturing Co., 1894), 35 mm film, YouTube video, 0:07, posted by "FreeClassicMovies1," April 3, 2012, https://youtu.be/oUC1QlXVhiM.
2. Dickson, Record of a Sneeze.
Dickson, W. K. L. Edison Kinetoscopic Record of a Sneeze. Edison Manufacturing Co., 1894, 35 mm film. YouTube video, 0:07. Posted by "FreeClassicMovies1," April 3, 2012. https://youtu.be/oUC1QlXVhiM.
1. Julia Dhar, "How to Disagree Productively and Find Common Ground," TED Talk, Toronto, Ontario, October 2018, 14 min., 46 sec., https://www.ted.com/talks/julia_dhar_how_to_disagree_productively_and_find_common_ground.
2. Dhar, "Disagree."
Dhar, Julia. "How to Disagree Productively and Find Common Ground." TED Talk, Toronto, Ontario, October 2018. 14 min., 46 sec. https://www.ted.com/talks/julia_dhar_how_to_disagree_productively_and_find_common_ground.
Footnote (Full Note):
1. Host First Name Surname, host, Podcast Series Title, podcast, season #, episode #, "Title of Podcast Episode," Publisher, Month DD, YYYY, url.
Footnote (Shortened Note):
2. Host Surname, "Episode," timestamp.
Bibliography:
Host Surname, First Name, host. Podcast Series Title. Season #, episode #, "Title of Podcast Episode." Publisher, Month DD, YYYY. url.
CMOS 14.168
1. Cynthia Graber and Nicola Twilley, hosts, Gastropod, podcast, season 19, episode 8, "Why are Restaurants So Loud? Plus the Science Behind the Perfect Playlist," Vox Media Podcast Network, May 14, 2024, https://gastropod.com/why-are-restaurants-so-loud-plus-the-science-behind-the-perfect-playlist/.
2. Graber and Twilley, "Restaurants," at 20 min.
Graber, Cynthia, and Nicola Twilley, hosts. Gastropod. Season 19, episode 8, "Why are Restaurants So Loud? Plus the Science Behind the Perfect Playlist." Vox Media Podcast Network, May 14, 2024. https://gastropod.com/why-are-restaurants-so-loud-plus-the-science-behind-the-perfect-playlist/.
Like movies, the inclusion and order of various elements will depend on the the recording itself and how you accessed it. If your source doesn't indicate a date of recording or publication, use other sources to locate this information.
Music should be listed in a Discography, separate from the Bibliography.
1. Creator or Group, "Title of Song," other contributors, recording date, Recording Company with publisher acquisition number, track number on Album Title, year of release, format.
2. Creator/Group, "Title."
Name of group or composer or performer. Title. Recording Company/Publisher with acquisition number, date, format.
CMOS 14.163
A streaming service or file format may be noted but isn't necessary.
1. "Bury a Friend," performed by Billie Eilish, produced by Finneas O'Connell, track 10 on Eilish, When We All Fall Asleep, Where We Do Go?, Darkroom / Interscope Records (US), 2019.
2. "Bury a Friend."
Eilish, Billie. When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go? Produced by Finneas O'Connell. Darkroom / Interscope Records (US). Released March 29, 2019.
Recordings on LP or disc will usually have an acquisition number, which should be included after the name of the recording company (no comma separating them).
1. Leslie Odom, Jr., performer, "Wait For It," by Lin-Manuel Miranda, recorded 2015, with Hamilton ensemble cast, track 13 on Hamilton (Original Broadway Cast Recording), vol. 1, Atlantic 551093-2, compact disc.
2. Odom, "Wait For It," 2:16.
Miranda, Lin-Manuel, writer/performer. Hamilton (Original Broadway Cast Recording). Atlantic 551093-2, 2015, 2 compact discs.
A citation may begin with a title in a note, but in the bibliography, list by the author, performer, or other notable contributor.
1. Leslie Odom, Jr., performer, "Wait For It," by Lin-Manuel Miranda, recorded 2015, with Hamilton ensemble cast, track 13 on Hamilton (Original Broadway Cast Recording), vol. 1, Atlantic 551093-2, compact disc.
1. Hamilton (Original Broadway Cast Recording), written by Lin-Manuel Miranda, Atlantic 551093-2, 2015, 2 compact discs.
2. Hamilton.
Miranda, Lin-Manuel, writer/performer. Hamilton (Original Broadway Cast Recording). Atlantic 551093-2, 2015, 2 compact discs.
1. Name of the Program, season #, episode #, “Title of the Episode,” directed by First Name Last Name, aired Month DD, YYYY, on Station/Network, url.
2. Program, “Episode,” at X hr., Y min., Z sec.
Director Last Name, First Name, dir. Name of the Program. Season #, episode #, “Title of the Episode.” Aired Month DD, YYYY, on Station/Network. url.
CMOS 14.165
1. Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex, season 1, episode 3, “Android and I,” directed by Kenji Kamiyama, aired November 21, 2004, on Cartoon Network, https://www.hulu.com/watch/378759.
2. Ghost in the Shell, “Android and I,” at 12 min. 52 sec.
Kamiyama, Kenji, dir. Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex. Season 1, episode 3, “Android and I.” Aired November 21, 2004, on Cartoon Network. https://www.hulu.com/watch/378759.
Follow this model for musical recordings as well as recorded readings, lectures, audiobooks, and so on.
Live performances cannot be referenced by a reader, so you'd typically just describe those in-text.
1. Creator First Name Surname, Title of Work, other contributors, (place of publication: publisher, year), format, timestamp.
2. Creator Surname, Title, time stamp.
Creator Surname, First Name. Title of Work. Other contributor. Place of Publication: Publisher, year. Format, run time.
CMOS 14.58
1. Cheryl Strayed, Wild: From Lost to Found on the Pacific Crest Trail, narrated by Bernadette Dunne (Random House Audio, 2012), Audible audio ed., at 6 hr., 42 min.
2. Strayed, Wild, at 12 hr., 3 min.
Strayed, Cheryl. Wild: From Lost to Found on the Pacific Crest Trail. Narrated by Bernadette Dunne. Random House Audio, 2012. Audible audio ed., 13 hr., 6 min.
CMOS 14.58
Cite under the name of the interviewee rather than the interviewer.
Published or broadcast interviews can be treated like an article in a periodical.
1. Interviewee First Name Surname, "Title of Interview Segment/Episode/Show, if available," interview by Interviewer Name, Name of Show/Production, Publisher, date, format, length of interview, url.
2. Interviewee Surname, interview.
Interviewee Surname, First Name. Interview by Interviewer Name. Name of TV Show/Production, Publisher, Date. Format, length of interview. url.
CMOS 14.108
1. Russell Crowe, interview by Charlie Rose, Charlie Rose, April 23, 2015, http://www.charlierose.com/watch/60551640.
2. Crowe, interview.
Crowe, Russell. Interview by Charlie Rose. Charlie Rose. April 23, 2015. http://www.charlierose.com/watch/60551640.
1. McGeorge Bundy, interview by Robert MacNeil, MacNeil/Lehrer News Hour, PBS, February 7, 1990.
2. Bundy, interview.
Bundy, McGeorge. Interview by Robert MacNeil. MacNeil/Lehrer News Hour, PBS. February 7, 1990.
1. Arash Javanbakht, "Why Some People Love Scary Movies," interview by Rachel Carson, Short Wave, NPR, October 9, 2024, audio, 13:45, https://www.npr.org/2024/10/09/1210938257/fear-anxiety-scary-movie-horror.
2. Javanbakht, interview.
Javanbakt, Arash. "Why Some People Love Scary Movies." Interview by Rachel Carson. Short Wave, NPR, October 9, 2024. Audio, 13:45. https://www.npr.org/2024/10/09/1210938257/fear-anxiety-scary-movie-horror.
Map info is normally presented in text (e.g. Samuel de Champlain's 1612 map of New France...), but if desired, you can add a more formal note. It is rare to list maps in a Bibliography.
1. Cartographer First Name Surname, cartographer, Title of Map (if given) or a Description, year created, scale, size, publication details.
2. Cartographer Surname, Title of Map/Description (shortened).
Cartographer Surname, First Name. Title of Map (if given) or a Description. Year created. Scale, size. Publication details.
CMOS 14.135
1. Yu ji tu [Map of the tracks of Yu], AD 1136, Forest of Stone Steles Museum, Xi'an, China, stone rubbing, 1933?, 84 x 82 cm, Library of Congress, http://www.loc.gov/item/gm71005080.
2. Yu ji tu [Map of the tracks of Yu].
1. Samuel de Champlain, cartographer, Carte geographrique de la Nouvelle Franse, 1612, 43 x 76 cm, in The History of Cartography, vol. 3, Cartography in the European Renaissance (University of Chicago Press, 2007), fig. 51.3.
2. de Champlain, Carte geographique de la Nouvelle Franse.
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